Benchmark Almanac

Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting

GPT-6 Luna 94% leads since Oct 2026 Only in system cards

Models answer multiple-choice questions on tacit lab knowledge and troubleshooting that need hands-on expertise. Scored as cons@32.

OpenAI Preparedness evaluation. The questions are not public.

Made by OpenAI with Gryphon Scientific Released Aug 2024 Lab protocols Tasks kept private Last in a system card Oct 2026 Last model added Oct 2026
Level
Expert Specialists with years of training, often over hours of work
Scored
Checked automatically A program checks the result against an answer key, unit tests or the expected final state.
Answers
Multiple choice
29
Models scored in lab cards
38
System cards report it, from 1 lab

GPT-6 Luna leads with 94%

Best score per model as labs report them in their own cards. Labs pick their own settings, so these compare less cleanly than independent runs.

29 models. Scroll sideways for the rest.

  1. 94.0 GPT-6 Luna
  2. 88.5 GPT-6.1 Sol
  3. 84.1 GPT-5.6 Terra
  4. 83.0 GPT-5.6 Luna
  5. 82.2 GPT-5.6 Sol
  6. 81.7 GPT-5.5 Pro
  7. 79.2 GPT-6 Sol
  8. 78.3 GPT-5.5
  9. 77.0 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max
  10. 74.0 gpt-oss-120b
  11. 73.0 gpt-oss-20b
  12. 73.0 GPT-5.2 Codex
  13. 72.0 OpenAI deep research
  14. 72.0 GPT-4.5
  15. 72.0 GPT-5.3 Codex
  16. 71.7 GPT-5.4 Mini
  17. 70.0 o3
  18. 69.0 GPT-4o
  19. 68.9 GPT-5.5 Instant
  20. 68.0 o4-mini
  21. 68.0 GPT-5 mini
  22. 66.7 o1-mini
  23. 66.7 o1-preview
  24. 66.0 o1
  25. 66.0 GPT-5
  26. 65.0 GPT-5.4
  27. 63.3 GPT-6 Astra
  28. 58.0 o3-mini
  29. 48.0 GPT-5.2
  1. 1 GPT-6 Luna 94%
  2. 2 GPT-6.1 Sol 88.5%
  3. 3 GPT-5.6 Terra 84.1%
  4. 4 GPT-5.6 Luna 83%
  5. 5 GPT-5.6 Sol 82.2%
  6. 6 GPT-5.5 Pro 81.7%
  7. 7 GPT-6 Sol 79.2%
  8. 8 GPT-5.5 78.3%
  9. 9 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max 77%
  10. 10 gpt-oss-120b 74%
  11. 11 gpt-oss-20b 73%
  12. 12 GPT-5.2 Codex 73%
  13. 13 OpenAI deep research 72%
  14. 14 GPT-4.5 72%
  15. 15 GPT-5.3 Codex 72%
  16. 16 GPT-5.4 Mini 71.7%
  17. 17 o3 70%
  18. 18 GPT-4o May 2024 69%
  19. 19 GPT-5.5 Instant 68.9%
  20. 20 o4-mini 68%
  21. 21 GPT-5 mini 68%
  22. 22 o1-mini 66.7%
  23. 23 o1-preview 66.7%
  24. 24 o1 66%
  25. 25 GPT-5 66%
  26. 26 GPT-5.4 65%
  27. 27 GPT-6 Astra 63.3%
  28. 28 o3-mini 58%
  29. 29 GPT-5.2 48%
#ModelScoreSettingDateSource
1 GPT-6 Luna 94% Oct 2026 Model card
2 GPT-6.1 Sol 88.5% Sep 2026 Model card
3 GPT-5.6 Terra 84.1% Jun 2026 Model card
4 GPT-5.6 Luna 83% Aug 2026 Model card
5 GPT-5.6 Sol 82.2% Aug 2026 Model card
6 GPT-5.5 Pro 81.7% Apr 2026 Model card
7 GPT-6 Sol 79.2% Sep 2026 Model card
8 GPT-5.5 78.3% Apr 2026 Model card
9 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max 77% Nov 2025 Model card
10 gpt-oss-120b 74% Aug 2025 Model card
11 gpt-oss-20b 73% Aug 2025 Model card
12 GPT-5.2 Codex 73% Dec 2025 Model card
13 OpenAI deep research 72% Feb 2025 Model card
14 GPT-4.5 72% Feb 2025 Model card
15 GPT-5.3 Codex 72% Feb 2026 Model card
16 GPT-5.4 Mini 71.7% Mar 2026 Model card
17 o3 70% Apr 2025 Model card
18 GPT-4o May 2024 69% Aug 2024 Model card
19 GPT-5.5 Instant 68.9% May 2026 Model card
20 o4-mini 68% Apr 2025 Model card
21 GPT-5 mini 68% Aug 2025 Model card
22 o1-mini 66.7% Sep 2024 Model card
23 o1-preview 66.7% Sep 2024 Model card
24 o1 66% Dec 2024 Model card
25 GPT-5 66% Aug 2025 Model card
26 GPT-5.4 65% Mar 2026 Model card
27 GPT-6 Astra 63.3% Sep 2026 Model card
28 o3-mini 58% Jan 2025 Model card
29 GPT-5.2 48% Dec 2025 Model card

8 models have held number one since its release in Aug 2024

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.

OpenAI
Lab claims Passed 85% in Sep 2026, by GPT-6.1 Sol
GPT-6 Luna 94%

The best score passed 85% in Sep 2026

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

Reported by the lab in its model card Best so far
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2025 2026 2027 Near the ceiling (85%) GPT-6 Luna GPT-6.1 Sol GPT-5.6 Terra GPT-5.1-Codex-Max OpenAI deep research GPT-4o 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2025 2026 2027 Near the ceiling (85%) GPT-6 Luna GPT-5.6 Terra

Labs report it only in system cards

We read the headline results of 479 launch posts from 51 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.

38 system cards report it, from 1 lab

Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.

DateDocumentScoreAs the document writes itSection
29 Oct 2026 GPT-6 Luna system card addendum 90.8 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 (Table 8) Bio and chem risk
7 Oct 2026 GPT-6 Sol system card addendum 72.5 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 (Table 8) Bio and chem risk
7 Oct 2026 GPT-6 Luna system card addendum 94 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 (Table 8) Bio and chem risk
29 Sep 2026 GPT-6.1 Sol system card addendum 88.5 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, refusal-adjusted cons@32 (9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
22 Sep 2026 GPT-6 Sol system card 79.2 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 (Table 33, A.8.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
22 Sep 2026 GPT-6 Luna system card 69.2 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 (Table 33, A.8.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
3 Sep 2026 GPT-6 Astra system card 63.3 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 (refusal-adjusted 90.00%) (10.1.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
6 Aug 2026 GPT-5.6 Sol system card addendum 82.2 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 with refusals or safe completions counted (78.81% without), printed chart label (Figure 5, 7.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
6 Aug 2026 GPT-5.6 Luna system card addendum 83 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 with refusals or safe completions counted (76.67% without), printed chart label (Figure 5, 7.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
9 Jul 2026 GPT-5.6 Terra system card 84.1 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, refusals and safe completions counted as successes, stated in text (9.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
9 Jul 2026 GPT-5.6 Sol system card Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, chart without printed numbers (Figures 26, 27, 9.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
9 Jul 2026 GPT-5.6 Luna system card Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, chart without printed numbers (Figures 26, 27, 9.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
25 Jun 2026 GPT-5.6 Terra system card 84.1 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, refusals and safe completions counted as successes, stated in text (9.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
25 Jun 2026 GPT-5.6 Sol system card Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, chart without printed numbers (Figures 26, 27, 9.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
25 Jun 2026 GPT-5.6 Luna system card Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, chart without printed numbers (Figures 26, 27, 9.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
4 May 2026 GPT-5.5 Instant system card 68.9 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 (80.79% counting refusals or safe completions), printed chart label (Figure 5, 8.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
23 Apr 2026 GPT-5.5 system card 78.3 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, printed chart label (Figure 14, 9.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
23 Apr 2026 GPT-5.5 Pro system card 81.7 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 excluding refusals, GPT-5.5 Pro, text only, not pictured (9.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
17 Mar 2026 GPT-5.4 Mini system card 71.7 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 (77.77% counting refusals) (Table 18) Bio and chem risk
5 Mar 2026 GPT-5.4 system card 65 Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32 excluding refusals (83.8% counting refusals and safe completions) (Figure 10, 5.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
5 Feb 2026 GPT-5.3 Codex system card 72 Tacit knowledge and troubleshooting, cons@32, printed chart label, refusals counted as failures (Figure 1, 5.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
18 Dec 2025 GPT-5.2 Codex system card addendum 73 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, printed chart label (Figure 3, 5.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
11 Dec 2025 GPT-5.2 system card addendum 48 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, gpt-5.2 browsing, printed chart label (Figure 7). Text gives 83.33% with refusals counted as passes Bio and chem risk
18 Nov 2025 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max system card 77 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, printed chart label and text (82% with refusals counted) (Figure 4, 5.1.1.4) Bio and chem risk
7 Aug 2025 GPT-5 system card 66 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, browsing launch candidate (Figure 12) Bio and chem risk
7 Aug 2025 GPT-5 mini system card 68 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, gpt-5-thinking-mini browsing launch candidate (Figure 12) Bio and chem risk
5 Aug 2025 gpt-oss-20b model card 73 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, gpt-oss 20b browsing launch candidate (Figure 8) Bio and chem risk
5 Aug 2025 gpt-oss-120b model card 74 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, gpt-oss 120b browsing launch candidate (Figure 8) Bio and chem risk
17 Jul 2025 ChatGPT agent system card Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, chart shows only ChatGPT Agent browsing helpful-only at 74%, no released-model value (Figure 4, 5.1.1.4) Bio and chem risk
16 Apr 2025 o4-mini system card 68 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, o4-mini no browsing launch candidate, printed chart label (Figure 6) Bio and chem risk
16 Apr 2025 o3 system card 70 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, o3 no browsing launch candidate, printed chart label (Figure 6) Bio and chem risk
27 Feb 2025 GPT-4.5 system card 72 Tacit knowledge and troubleshooting, post-mitigation (4.3.5) Bio and chem risk
25 Feb 2025 OpenAI deep research system card 72 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, post-mitigation with browsing, printed chart label (without browsing 68%) (3.4.4) Bio and chem risk
31 Jan 2025 o3-mini system card 58 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, o3-mini (Post), printed chart label (5.4.8) Bio and chem risk
5 Dec 2024 o1 system card 66 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, cons@32, o1 (post-mitigation), printed chart label (5.5.8) Bio and chem risk
12 Sep 2024 o1-preview system card 66.7 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, pass rate cons@32, o1-preview (post-mitigation), printed chart label (4.3.6) Bio and chem risk
12 Sep 2024 o1-mini system card 66.7 Biorisk Tacit Knowledge and Troubleshooting, pass rate cons@32, o1-mini (post-mitigation), printed chart label (4.3.6) Bio and chem risk
8 Aug 2024 GPT-4o system card 69 Tacit knowledge and troubleshooting evaluation set, consensus@10 (3.6) Bio and chem risk

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