Benchmark Almanac

Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology

o1 59% leads since Dec 2024 Only in system cards

Models troubleshoot virology lab scenarios, sometimes with images, and must select every correct answer. Scored as refusal-adjusted pass@1.

Questions come from SecureBio. OpenAI Preparedness evaluation.

Made by OpenAI with SecureBio Released Dec 2024 Lab protocols Tasks kept private Last in a system card Oct 2026 Last model added Oct 2026
Level
Expert Specialists with years of training, often over hours of work
Scored
Checked automatically A program checks the result against an answer key, unit tests or the expected final state.
Answers
Multiple choice
26
Models scored in lab cards
36
System cards report it, from 1 lab

2 models share the top score of 59%

Best score per model as labs report them in their own cards. Labs pick their own settings, so these compare less cleanly than independent runs.

26 models. Scroll sideways for the rest.

  1. 59.0 o1
  2. 59.0 o3
  3. 58.0 o4-mini
  4. 56.0 GPT-4.5
  5. 55.8 GPT-6 Astra
  6. 55.5 GPT-5.6 Sol
  7. 55.3 GPT-5.5 Pro
  8. 55.3 GPT-6.1 Sol
  9. 55.0 OpenAI deep research
  10. 55.0 gpt-oss-120b
  11. 53.7 GPT-5.5
  12. 53.0 o3-mini
  13. 52.5 GPT-6.1 Terra
  14. 51.7 GPT-6 Sol
  15. 51.1 GPT-5.5 Instant
  16. 50.4 GPT-5.4
  17. 50.2 GPT-5.6 Luna
  18. 50.0 gpt-oss-20b
  19. 50.0 GPT-5.3 Codex
  20. 49.1 GPT-6 Luna
  21. 48.0 GPT-5.2 Codex
  22. 46.5 GPT-5.4 Mini
  23. 43.0 GPT-5.2
  24. 42.0 GPT-5
  25. 39.0 GPT-5 mini
  26. 38.0 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max
  1. 1 o1 59%
  2. 2 o3 59%
  3. 3 o4-mini 58%
  4. 4 GPT-4.5 56%
  5. 5 GPT-6 Astra 55.8%
  6. 6 GPT-5.6 Sol 55.5%
  7. 7 GPT-5.5 Pro 55.3%
  8. 8 GPT-6.1 Sol 55.3%
  9. 9 OpenAI deep research 55%
  10. 10 gpt-oss-120b 55%
  11. 11 GPT-5.5 53.7%
  12. 12 o3-mini 53%
  13. 13 GPT-6.1 Terra 52.5%
  14. 14 GPT-6 Sol 51.7%
  15. 15 GPT-5.5 Instant 51.1%
  16. 16 GPT-5.4 50.4%
  17. 17 GPT-5.6 Luna 50.2%
  18. 18 gpt-oss-20b 50%
  19. 19 GPT-5.3 Codex 50%
  20. 20 GPT-6 Luna 49.1%
  21. 21 GPT-5.2 Codex 48%
  22. 22 GPT-5.4 Mini 46.5%
  23. 23 GPT-5.2 43%
  24. 24 GPT-5 42%
  25. 25 GPT-5 mini 39%
  26. 26 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max 38%
#ModelScoreSettingDateSource
1 o1 59% Dec 2024 Model card
2 o3 59% Apr 2025 Model card
3 o4-mini 58% Apr 2025 Model card
4 GPT-4.5 56% Feb 2025 Model card
5 GPT-6 Astra 55.8% Sep 2026 Model card
6 GPT-5.6 Sol 55.5% Jun 2026 Model card
7 GPT-5.5 Pro 55.3% Apr 2026 Model card
8 GPT-6.1 Sol 55.3% Sep 2026 Model card
9 OpenAI deep research 55% Feb 2025 Model card
10 gpt-oss-120b 55% Aug 2025 Model card
11 GPT-5.5 53.7% Apr 2026 Model card
12 o3-mini 53% Jan 2025 Model card
13 GPT-6.1 Terra 52.5% Oct 2026 Model card
14 GPT-6 Sol 51.7% Oct 2026 Model card
15 GPT-5.5 Instant 51.1% May 2026 Model card
16 GPT-5.4 50.4% Mar 2026 Model card
17 GPT-5.6 Luna 50.2% Aug 2026 Model card
18 gpt-oss-20b 50% Aug 2025 Model card
19 GPT-5.3 Codex 50% Feb 2026 Model card
20 GPT-6 Luna 49.1% Sep 2026 Model card
21 GPT-5.2 Codex 48% Dec 2025 Model card
22 GPT-5.4 Mini 46.5% Mar 2026 Model card
23 GPT-5.2 43% Dec 2025 Model card
24 GPT-5 42% Aug 2025 Model card
25 GPT-5 mini 39% Aug 2025 Model card
26 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max 38% Nov 2025 Model card

Number one over time

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.

OpenAI
Lab claims 1 leader
o1 59%

Scores over time

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

Reported by the lab in its model card
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2025 2026 2027 Near the ceiling (85%) o1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2025 2026 2027 Near the ceiling (85%) o1

Labs report it only in system cards

We read the headline results of 479 launch posts from 51 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.

36 system cards report it, from 1 lab

Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.

DateDocumentScoreAs the document writes itSection
29 Oct 2026 GPT-6 Luna system card addendum 45.9 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (Table 8) Bio and chem risk
26 Oct 2026 GPT-6.1 Terra system card addendum 52.5 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, refusal-adjusted pass@1 (46.52% excluding refusals, printed chart label) (table and Figure 21, 9.0.1.1) Bio and chem risk
7 Oct 2026 GPT-6 Sol system card addendum 51.7 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (Table 8) Bio and chem risk
7 Oct 2026 GPT-6 Luna system card addendum 48.1 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (Table 8) Bio and chem risk
29 Sep 2026 GPT-6.1 Sol system card addendum 55.3 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, refusal-adjusted pass@1 (9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
22 Sep 2026 GPT-6 Sol system card 50.6 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (Table 33, A.8.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
22 Sep 2026 GPT-6 Luna system card 49.1 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (Table 33, A.8.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
3 Sep 2026 GPT-6 Astra system card 55.8 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (refusal-adjusted 63.11%) (10.1.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
6 Aug 2026 GPT-5.6 Sol system card addendum 49.4 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 with refusals or safe completions counted (49.03% without), printed chart label (Figure 3, 7.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
6 Aug 2026 GPT-5.6 Luna system card addendum 50.2 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 with refusals or safe completions counted (49.72% without), printed chart label (Figure 3, 7.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
9 Jul 2026 GPT-5.6 Terra system card Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 by cost and latency, chart without printed numbers (Figures 22, 23, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
9 Jul 2026 GPT-5.6 Sol system card 55.5 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1, top score stated in text (9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
9 Jul 2026 GPT-5.6 Luna system card Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 by cost and latency, chart without printed numbers (Figures 22, 23, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
25 Jun 2026 GPT-5.6 Terra system card Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 by cost and latency, chart without printed numbers (Figures 22, 23, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
25 Jun 2026 GPT-5.6 Sol system card 55.5 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1, top score stated in text (9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
25 Jun 2026 GPT-5.6 Luna system card Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 by cost and latency, chart without printed numbers (Figures 22, 23, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
4 May 2026 GPT-5.5 Instant system card 51.1 Multi-select Virology Troubleshooting, pass@1 (52.91% counting refusals or safe completions), printed chart label (Figure 3, 8.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
23 Apr 2026 GPT-5.5 system card 53.7 Multi-select virology troubleshooting, pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 12, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
23 Apr 2026 GPT-5.5 Pro system card 55.3 Multi-select virology troubleshooting, pass@1, GPT-5.5 Pro, printed chart label (Figure 12, 9.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
17 Mar 2026 GPT-5.4 Mini system card 46.5 Multi-select Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1 (47.0% counting refusals) (Table 18) Bio and chem risk
5 Mar 2026 GPT-5.4 system card 50.4 Multi-select Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 8, 5.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
5 Feb 2026 GPT-5.3 Codex system card 50 Multimodal troubleshooting virology, pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 3, 5.1.1.3) Bio and chem risk
18 Dec 2025 GPT-5.2 Codex system card addendum 48 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology (Multi-select), pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 1, 5.1.1.1) Bio and chem risk
11 Dec 2025 GPT-5.2 system card addendum 43 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology (Multi-select), pass@1, gpt-5.2 browsing, printed chart label (Figure 5) Bio and chem risk
18 Nov 2025 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max system card 38 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology (Multi-select), pass@1, printed chart label (45% with refusals counted) (Figure 2, 5.1.1.2) Bio and chem risk
7 Aug 2025 GPT-5 system card 42 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology (Multi-select), pass@1, gpt-5-thinking browsing launch candidate (Figure 10) Bio and chem risk
7 Aug 2025 GPT-5 mini system card 39 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology (Multi-select), pass@1, gpt-5-thinking-mini browsing launch candidate (Figure 10) Bio and chem risk
5 Aug 2025 gpt-oss-20b model card 50 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, cons@32 axis, gpt-oss 20b browsing launch candidate (Figure 6) Bio and chem risk
5 Aug 2025 gpt-oss-120b model card 55 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, cons@32 axis, gpt-oss 120b browsing launch candidate (Figure 6) Bio and chem risk
17 Jul 2025 ChatGPT agent system card Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, cons@32, chart shows only ChatGPT Agent browsing helpful-only at 57%, no released-model value (Figure 2, 5.1.1.2) Bio and chem risk
16 Apr 2025 o4-mini system card 58 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, cons@32, o4-mini no browsing launch candidate, printed chart label (Figure 4) Bio and chem risk
16 Apr 2025 o3 system card 59 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, cons@32, o3 no browsing launch candidate, printed chart label (Figure 4) Bio and chem risk
27 Feb 2025 GPT-4.5 system card 56 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, single select, post-mitigation (4.3.2) Bio and chem risk
25 Feb 2025 OpenAI deep research system card 55 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, single select, cons@32, post-mitigation with browsing, text and printed chart label (without browsing 56%) (3.4.4) Bio and chem risk
31 Jan 2025 o3-mini system card 53 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, single select, post-mitigation (5.4.5) Bio and chem risk
5 Dec 2024 o1 system card 59 Multimodal Troubleshooting Virology, single select, cons@32, o1 (post-mitigation) (5.5.5 chart and text) Bio and chem risk

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