Unjustified refusals
Only in system cards
An automated evaluation measures over-refusals on benign or borderline prompts that can be safely fulfilled.
In-house Google DeepMind evaluation. Model cards report only the change in percentage points against an earlier Gemini model.
Made by Google DeepMind Refusing harmful requests Tasks kept private Last in a system card Oct 2026
Last model added Oct 2026
- Level
- Everyday Most adults, without training
- Scored
- Graded by a model A language model scores each response, usually against a rubric.
- Answers
- Open-ended Free-form text, documents, designs or media judged as a whole.
9
System cards report it, from 1 lab
No scores here yet
No lab, leaderboard or Epoch AI run has reported a score for Unjustified refusals yet.
Labs report it only in system cards
We read the headline results of 479 launch posts from 51 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.
9 system cards report it, from 1 lab
Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.
| Date | Document | Score | As the document writes it | Section |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 Oct 2026 |  Gemini 4 Argon system card | Over-refusal benchmarks, helpful response rate (1 minus over-refusal rate), three suites with no overall: single-turn 96.6%, multi-turn 86.9%, multimodal 81.9% (Figure 5.15) | Safety | |
| 13 Oct 2026 | Gemini 4 Argon model card | Unjustified-refusals (lower is better): -9.60pp vs Gemini 3.1 Pro, no absolute rate (safety table, p.9) | Safety | |
| 2 Sep 2026 | Gemini 3.8 Flash model card | Unjustified-refusals (lower is better): +1.1pp vs Gemini 3.7 Flash, no absolute rate (safety table, p.7) | Safety | |
| 13 Aug 2026 | Gemini 3.7 Flash model card | Unjustified-refusals (lower is better): +0.84pp vs Gemini 3.6 Flash, no absolute rate (safety table, p.7) | Safety | |
| 21 Jul 2026 | Gemini 3.6 Flash model card | Unjustified-refusals (lower is better): +0.25% vs Gemini 3.5 Flash, printed as percentage point change, no absolute rate (safety table, p.5) | Safety | |
| 21 Jul 2026 | Gemini 3.5 Flash-Lite model card | Unjustified-refusals (lower is better): +5.32% vs Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite, printed as percentage point change, no absolute rate (safety table, p.5) | Safety | |
| 19 May 2026 | Gemini 3.5 Flash model card | Unjustified-refusals (lower is better): +0.8% (non-egregious) vs Gemini 3 Flash, no absolute rate (safety table, p.6) | Safety | |
| 3 Mar 2026 | Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite model card | Unjustified-refusals (lower is better): -14.41% vs Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite, no absolute rate (safety table, p.6) | Safety | |
| 19 Feb 2026 | Gemini 3.1 Pro model card | Unjustified-refusals (lower is better): -0.08% vs Gemini 3.0 Pro, no absolute rate (safety table, p.6) | Safety |
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