Proactive refusals of high-risk tasks
Browser agents receive high-risk tasks such as banking transfers and high-stakes decisions that policy says they must refuse. Scored on refusal recall.
In-house OpenAI evaluation on a synthetic set. The tasks are not public.
- Level
- Everyday Most adults, without training
- Scored
- Graded by a model A language model scores each response, usually against a rubric.
- Answers
- Agent task Many steps in a terminal, browser, desktop, app, game or robot.
OpenAI Computer-Using Agent (CUA) leads with 94%
Best score per model as labs report them in their own cards. Labs pick their own settings, so these compare less cleanly than independent runs.
- 1 OpenAI Computer-Using Agent (CUA) 94%
- 2 ChatGPT agent 89%
| # | Model | Score | Setting | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | OpenAI Computer-Using Agent (CUA) | 94% | Jan 2025 | Model card | |
| 2 | ChatGPT agent | 89% | Jul 2025 | Model card |
The best score passed 85% in Jan 2025
All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.
Labs report it only in system cards
We read the headline results of 479 launch posts from 51 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.
2 system cards report it, from 1 lab
Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.
| Date | Document | Score | As the document writes it | Section |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17 Jul 2025 | ChatGPT agent system card | 89 | High Stakes Financial Activities, correct refusal rate (Table 14) | Safety |
| 23 Jan 2025 | OpenAI Computer-Using Agent (CUA) system card | 94 | Proactive refusals of high-risk tasks such as banking transactions and high-stakes decisions, recall on a synthetic set (4.4) | Safety |
More in Safety and alignment
- FORTRESS In use Paired adversarial and benign national-security misuse prompts. Rubric-graded risk score on adversarial and over-refusal score on benign prompts. Claude Opus 5.5 5.78%
- StrongREJECT In use Forbidden-prompt jailbreak benchmark with a rubric grader that scores how useful a non-refusal actually is.
Inkling 98.6% - AgentDojo In use Agents do tool-use tasks while tools and data carry prompt injections. Attack success rate counts hijacked runs. Grok 4 Fast 0%
- MASK In use Measures whether a model contradicts its own elicited beliefs under pressure to lie. Honesty separated from accuracy.
Muse Spark Open 98.1% - Gray Swan IPI Arena benchmark In use Indirect prompt-injection attacks from public red-teaming competitions replayed on tool, coding and browser agents. Attack success rate at k attempts. GPT-6 Astra 8.50%
- Agentic misalignment suite (Anthropic) In use Agents in simulated company settings face threats or goal conflicts that invite blackmail, leaking or sabotage. Score is the misaligned action rate. Claude Sonnet 4.5 0%