Benchmark Almanac

OpenAI PRs

GPT-5.2 55% leads since Dec 2025 Only in system cards

Agents replicate internal OpenAI pull requests from a pre-PR branch and a prompt. Graded by hidden unit tests as pass@1.

In-house OpenAI AI self-improvement evaluation. The tasks are not public.

Made by OpenAI Released Jan 2025 Labs' internal R&D tests Tasks kept private Last in a system card Dec 2025 Last model added Dec 2025
Level
Research frontier Researchers, on open problems or tasks that take days
Scored
Checked automatically A program checks the result against an answer key, unit tests or the expected final state.
Answers
Agent task Many steps in a terminal, browser, desktop, app, game or robot.
12
Models scored in lab cards
13
System cards report it, from 1 lab

2 models share the top score of 55% among models released by Dec 2025

Best score per model as labs report them in their own cards. Labs pick their own settings, so these compare less cleanly than independent runs.

The newest model with a score here came out in Dec 2025, and nobody has reported a newer one. Among the 20 highest-ranked models on the capability index, these have no score yet:

  1. 55.0 GPT-5.2
  2. 55.0 GPT-5.2 Codex
  3. 53.0 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max
  4. 45.0 GPT-5
  5. 44.0 o3
  6. 42.0 OpenAI deep research
  7. 42.0 GPT-5 mini
  8. 39.0 o4-mini
  9. 37.0 gpt-oss-120b
  10. 37.0 gpt-oss-20b
  11. 7.00 GPT-4.5
  12. 0.0 o3-mini
  1. 1 GPT-5.2 55%
  2. 2 GPT-5.2 Codex 55%
  3. 3 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max 53%
  4. 4 GPT-5 45%
  5. 5 o3 44%
  6. 6 OpenAI deep research 42%
  7. 7 GPT-5 mini 42%
  8. 8 o4-mini 39%
  9. 9 gpt-oss-120b 37%
  10. 10 gpt-oss-20b 37%
  11. 11 GPT-4.5 7.00%
  12. 12 o3-mini 0%
#ModelScoreSettingDateSource
1 GPT-5.2 55% Dec 2025 Model card
2 GPT-5.2 Codex 55% Dec 2025 Model card
3 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max 53% Nov 2025 Model card
4 GPT-5 45% Aug 2025 Model card
5 o3 44% Apr 2025 Model card
6 OpenAI deep research 42% Feb 2025 Model card
7 GPT-5 mini 42% Aug 2025 Model card
8 o4-mini 39% Apr 2025 Model card
9 gpt-oss-120b 37% Aug 2025 Model card
10 gpt-oss-20b 37% Aug 2025 Model card
11 GPT-4.5 7.00% Feb 2025 Model card
12 o3-mini 0% Jan 2025 Model card

6 models have held number one since its release in Jan 2025

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.

OpenAI
Lab claims Not tested since Dec 2025
GPT-5.2 55%

Scores over time

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

Reported by the lab in its model card Best so far
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2025 2026 Near the ceiling (85%) GPT-5.2 GPT-5 o3 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2025 2026 Near the ceiling (85%) GPT-5.2 GPT-5

Labs report it only in system cards

We read the headline results of 479 launch posts from 51 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.

13 system cards report it, from 1 lab

Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.

DateDocumentScoreAs the document writes itSection
18 Dec 2025 GPT-5.2 Codex system card addendum 55 OpenAI PRs (no browsing), pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 7, 5.1.3.1) AI R&D risk
11 Dec 2025 GPT-5.2 system card addendum 55 OpenAI PRs (no browsing), pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 11) AI R&D risk
18 Nov 2025 GPT-5.1-Codex-Max system card 53 OpenAI PRs (no browsing), pass@1, printed chart label (Figure 13, 5.1.3.4) AI R&D risk
7 Aug 2025 GPT-5 system card 45 OpenAI PRs (no browsing), pass@1, launch candidate (Figure 20) AI R&D risk
7 Aug 2025 GPT-5 mini system card 42 OpenAI PRs (no browsing), pass@1, gpt-5-thinking-mini launch candidate (Figure 20) AI R&D risk
5 Aug 2025 gpt-oss-20b model card 37 OpenAI PRs (no browsing), pass@1, gpt-oss 20b launch candidate (Figure 15) AI R&D risk
5 Aug 2025 gpt-oss-120b model card 37 OpenAI PRs (no browsing), pass@1, gpt-oss 120b launch candidate (Figure 15) AI R&D risk
17 Jul 2025 ChatGPT agent system card OpenAI PRs (no browsing), pass@1, chart shows only ChatGPT Agent no-browsing helpful-only at 42%, no released-model value (Figure 17, 5.1.3.3) AI R&D risk
16 Apr 2025 o4-mini system card 39 OpenAI PRs (no browsing), pass@1, o4-mini launch candidate (Figure 20, 4.4.3) AI R&D risk
16 Apr 2025 o3 system card 44 OpenAI PRs (no browsing), pass@1, o3 launch candidate (Figure 20, 4.4.3) AI R&D risk
27 Feb 2025 GPT-4.5 system card 7 OpenAI PRs, pass@1, GPT-4.5 (Post), printed chart label (4.6.5) Autonomy
25 Feb 2025 OpenAI deep research system card 42 OpenAI PRs, pass@1, post-mitigation without browsing, printed chart label (3.4.7) Autonomy
31 Jan 2025 o3-mini system card 0 OpenAI PRs, pre- and post-mitigation (5.7.5) Autonomy

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