Benchmark Almanac

DeepSWE

GPT-6 Astra 74.1% leads since Sep 2026 In use

113 original long-horizon engineering tasks across 91 repos and five languages, written from scratch. Hand-written verifiers accept alternative solutions.

Built against contamination: tasks are not mined from existing commits or PRs. Version 1.1 (June 2026) kept the same 113 tasks and fixed flaky tests.

In the authors’ words

DeepSWE is a benchmark of 113 original, long-horizon software engineering tasks for evaluating coding agents. Most public agentic coding benchmarks follow SWE-bench in mining merged fixes from public GitHub repositories, which creates two problems: the fixes and their discussion were likely seen during pretraining, so a high score can reflect recall rather than problem-solving; and each task is graded by the tests that shipped with its merged fix, which were written to confirm one specific fix rather than grade an arbitrary solution, so they can fail a correct alternative or pass an incomplete one. DeepSWE avoids both. Its tasks are written from scratch across 91 active open-source repositories and five languages and are never contributed back upstream, so their reference solutions stay out of the public record that model training scrapes; and each task is graded by a hand-written verifier that checks the requested functionality and accepts any implementation that provides it. When an independent LLM judge re-reviews graded runs, it disagrees with DeepSWE's verifier about an order of magnitude less often than with SWE-Bench Pro's inherited tests (1.4% versus 32.4%). Despite being about half the length of SWE-Bench Pro's prompts, DeepSWE's prompts describe tasks whose reference solutions touch 5.5x more code, and the benchmark separates frontier agents across a wider score band than the leaderboards on which they otherwise cluster. We release the benchmark, its verifiers, and the full record of evaluation trajectories.

Abstract of DeepSWE: Measuring Frontier Coding Agents on Original, Long-Horizon Engineering Tasks (arXiv:2607.07946, CC0)
Made by Datacurve Released May 2026 Fixing real repositories All tasks public Last in a launch post Oct 2026 Last model added Oct 2026 Scores refreshed 2 Nov 2026
Level
Expert Specialists with years of training, often over hours of work
Scored
Checked automatically A program checks the result against an answer key, unit tests or the expected final state.
Answers
Code A program or patch run against tests.
28
Models scored on its own leaderboard
47
Launch posts list it, from 20 labs
19
System cards report it, from 9 labs

GPT-6 Astra leads with 74.1% among models released by Sep 2026

Best score per model from the benchmark's own leaderboard, read on 2 Nov 2026. Where a model ran with several settings or harnesses, we keep its best. Every run is in the next chart.

The newest model with a score here came out in Sep 2026, and nobody has tested a newer one. Among the 20 highest-ranked models on the capability index, these have no score yet:

  1. 1 GPT-6 Astra xhigh 74.1%
  2. 2 Gemini 3.8 Flash high 73.8%
  3. 3 Claude Opus 5 max 73.7%
  4. 4 GPT-5.6 Sol max 72.7%
  5. 5 Claude Fable 5 xhigh 69.9%
  6. 6 GPT-5.6 Terra max 69.6%
  7. 7 GLM-5.3 max 69%
  8. 8 Kimi K3 max 68.5%
  9. 9 Grok 4.6 medium 67.5%
  10. 10 GPT-5.6 Luna max 67.2%
  11. 11 GPT-5.5 xhigh 67%
  12. 12 Gemini 3.7 Flash medium 65.5%
  13. 13 GLM-5.3-Flash max 63.4%
  14. 14 DeepSeek-V4-Pro max 62.8%
  15. 15 Claude Opus 4.8 max 59%
  16. 16 Qwen 3.8 Max xhigh 57.5%
  17. 17 Muse Spark 1.2 xhigh 54.9%
  18. 18 Claude Sonnet 5 max 53.9%
  19. 19 Grok 4.5 high 53.8%
  20. 20 DeepSeek-V4-Flash max 53.3%
  21. 21 Muse Spark 1.1 xhigh 53.3%
  22. 22 GPT-5.4 xhigh 51.8%
  23. 23 Gemini 3.6 Flash high 46.7%
  24. 24 GLM-5.2 max 43.8%
  25. 25 Gemini 3.5 Flash high 36.1%
  26. 26 Kimi K2.7 Code 30.5%
  27. 27 Claude Sonnet 4.6 high 29.9%
  28. 28 Gemini 3.1 Pro high 11.7%
#ModelScoreSettingDateSource
1 GPT-6 Astra 74.1% xhigh, mini-swe-agent Sep 2026 Official leaderboard
2 Gemini 3.8 Flash 73.8% high, mini-swe-agent Sep 2026 Official leaderboard
3 Claude Opus 5 73.7% max, mini-swe-agent Jul 2026 Official leaderboard
4 GPT-5.6 Sol 72.7% max, mini-swe-agent Jul 2026 Official leaderboard
5 Claude Fable 5 69.9% xhigh, mini-swe-agent Jun 2026 Official leaderboard
6 GPT-5.6 Terra 69.6% max, mini-swe-agent Jul 2026 Official leaderboard
7 GLM-5.3 69% max, mini-swe-agent Aug 2026 Official leaderboard
8 Kimi K3 68.5% max, mini-swe-agent Jul 2026 Official leaderboard
9 Grok 4.6 67.5% medium, mini-swe-agent Aug 2026 Official leaderboard
10 GPT-5.6 Luna 67.2% max, mini-swe-agent Jul 2026 Official leaderboard
11 GPT-5.5 67% xhigh, mini-swe-agent Apr 2026 Official leaderboard
12 Gemini 3.7 Flash 65.5% medium, mini-swe-agent Aug 2026 Official leaderboard
13 GLM-5.3-Flash 63.4% max, mini-swe-agent Aug 2026 Official leaderboard
14 DeepSeek-V4-Pro 62.8% max, mini-swe-agent Apr 2026 Official leaderboard
15 Claude Opus 4.8 59% max, mini-swe-agent May 2026 Official leaderboard
16 Qwen 3.8 Max 57.5% xhigh, mini-swe-agent Aug 2026 Official leaderboard
17 Muse Spark 1.2 54.9% xhigh, mini-swe-agent Aug 2026 Official leaderboard
18 Claude Sonnet 5 53.9% max, mini-swe-agent Jun 2026 Official leaderboard
19 Grok 4.5 53.8% high, mini-swe-agent Jul 2026 Official leaderboard
20 DeepSeek-V4-Flash 53.3% max, mini-swe-agent Apr 2026 Official leaderboard
21 Muse Spark 1.1 53.3% xhigh, mini-swe-agent Jul 2026 Official leaderboard
22 GPT-5.4 51.8% xhigh, mini-swe-agent Mar 2026 Official leaderboard
23 Gemini 3.6 Flash 46.7% high, mini-swe-agent Jul 2026 Official leaderboard
24 GLM-5.2 43.8% max, mini-swe-agent Jun 2026 Official leaderboard
25 Gemini 3.5 Flash 36.1% high, mini-swe-agent May 2026 Official leaderboard
26 Kimi K2.7 Code 30.5% mini-swe-agent Jun 2026 Official leaderboard
27 Claude Sonnet 4.6 29.9% high, mini-swe-agent Feb 2026 Official leaderboard
28 Gemini 3.1 Pro 11.7% high, mini-swe-agent Feb 2026 Official leaderboard

Epoch AI has scores for 26 models. Labs report scores for 51 models in their cards. We plot every source in the charts below.

The best score, 74.1%, costs $4.43 a task

Runs on the cost frontier score higher than any run that's cheaper. Gemini 3.8 Flash at medium comes within 3.1 points of the best for $1.97 a task, about half the cost. The costs are the leaderboard's own estimates, so compare them only within this benchmark.

DeepSeek OpenAI Z.ai Google DeepMind Cost frontier One model at each effort level
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% $0.01 $0.10 $1.00 $10 $100 Cost per task, log scale GPT-6 Astra, xhigh GPT-6 Astra, low GLM-5.3-Flash, max DeepSeek-V4-Flash, max GPT-5.6 Luna, low 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% $0.01 $0.10 $1.00 $10 $100 Cost per task, log scale GPT-6 Astra, xhigh GPT-6 Astra, low
ModelEffortHarnessScoreCost per taskOutput tokens
GPT-6 Astra xhigh mini-swe-agent 74.1% $4.43 29,557
Gemini 3.8 Flash high mini-swe-agent 73.8% $2.36 143,243
Claude Opus 5 max mini-swe-agent 73.7% $12 117,566
GPT-6 Astra high mini-swe-agent 73.2% $3.92 26,506
GPT-6 Astra max mini-swe-agent 73.2% $7.50 61,149
Claude Opus 5 xhigh mini-swe-agent 73.2% $9.07 91,672
Claude Opus 5 high mini-swe-agent 72.8% $6.08 64,207
GPT-6 Astra medium mini-swe-agent 72.8% $3.08 20,362
GPT-5.6 Sol max mini-swe-agent 72.7% $8.39 60,014
Gemini 3.8 Flash medium mini-swe-agent 71% $1.97 124,684
GPT-5.6 Sol xhigh mini-swe-agent 70.7% $4.70 40,745
Claude Fable 5 xhigh mini-swe-agent 69.9% $13 80,352
Claude Fable 5 max mini-swe-agent 69.7% $22 118,593
GPT-5.6 Terra max mini-swe-agent 69.6% $4.95 71,939
GPT-5.6 Sol high mini-swe-agent 69.4% $3.47 28,450
GLM-5.3 max mini-swe-agent 69% $3.99 80,436
Claude Opus 5 medium mini-swe-agent 68.9% $3.29 36,982
Claude Fable 5 high mini-swe-agent 68.6% $9.18 57,287
Kimi K3 max mini-swe-agent 68.5% $4.66 81,500
Grok 4.6 medium mini-swe-agent 67.5% $3.45 49,764
GPT-5.6 Luna max mini-swe-agent 67.2% $3.03 73,400
GPT-5.5 xhigh mini-swe-agent 67% $7.23 46,295
GPT-6 Astra low mini-swe-agent 67% $1.59 10,580
Grok 4.6 xhigh mini-swe-agent 66.7% $5.50 71,404
Gemini 3.7 Flash medium mini-swe-agent 65.5% $2.02 93,991
Claude Fable 5 medium mini-swe-agent 65.4% $6.09 40,201
Gemini 3.7 Flash high mini-swe-agent 65.3% $2.18 107,248
Grok 4.6 high mini-swe-agent 65.2% $4.38 61,161
GPT-5.5 high mini-swe-agent 64.4% $5.10 31,159
GLM-5.3-Flash max mini-swe-agent 63.4% $0.48 72,830
DeepSeek-V4-Pro max mini-swe-agent 62.8% $0.24 105,999
GPT-5.6 Sol medium mini-swe-agent 61.1% $1.86 18,425
GPT-5.6 Terra xhigh mini-swe-agent 60.2% $2.13 39,617
Claude Fable 5 low mini-swe-agent 59.6% $3.76 25,243
Claude Opus 4.8 max mini-swe-agent 59% $13 135,032
Claude Opus 5 low mini-swe-agent 58.1% $1.66 19,884
Qwen 3.8 Max xhigh mini-swe-agent 57.5% $3.73 95,075
GPT-5.6 Luna xhigh mini-swe-agent 56.9% $1.54 44,678
Muse Spark 1.2 xhigh mini-swe-agent 54.9% $3.70 99,226
Claude Opus 4.8 xhigh mini-swe-agent 54.4% $8.01 86,089
GPT-5.5 medium mini-swe-agent 54% $2.75 19,625
Claude Sonnet 5 max mini-swe-agent 53.9% $26 214,118
Grok 4.5 high mini-swe-agent 53.8% $2.42 35,525
GPT-5.6 Terra high mini-swe-agent 53.8% $1.13 21,517
Gemini 3.7 Flash low mini-swe-agent 53.8% $1.83 73,365
DeepSeek-V4-Flash max mini-swe-agent 53.3% $0.10 107,687
Muse Spark 1.1 xhigh mini-swe-agent 53.3% $2.36 74,008
GPT-5.4 xhigh mini-swe-agent 51.8% $5.65 71,409
Claude Opus 4.8 high mini-swe-agent 51.8% $4.28 50,064
Claude Sonnet 5 xhigh mini-swe-agent 49.7% $12 120,699
Claude Opus 4.8 medium mini-swe-agent 48.7% $3.44 41,313
Claude Sonnet 5 high mini-swe-agent 48.2% $7.43 87,295
Gemini 3.6 Flash high mini-swe-agent 46.7% $4.42 95,845
GPT-5.6 Sol low mini-swe-agent 45.4% $1.07 10,579
GPT-5.6 Luna high mini-swe-agent 44.3% $0.78 25,778
GLM-5.2 max mini-swe-agent 43.8% $3.92 78,175
Grok 4.6 low mini-swe-agent 41.6% $1.04 16,458
Claude Opus 4.8 low mini-swe-agent 40.8% $2.29 28,923
Claude Sonnet 5 medium mini-swe-agent 39.8% $4.08 56,817
GLM-5.2 high mini-swe-agent 36.3% $2.84 54,246
Gemini 3.5 Flash high mini-swe-agent 36.1% $3.45 75,730
GPT-5.6 Terra medium mini-swe-agent 35.1% $0.58 11,747
Kimi K2.7 Code mini-swe-agent 30.5% $2.82 59,297
Claude Sonnet 5 low mini-swe-agent 30.5% $2.19 35,595
Claude Sonnet 4.6 high mini-swe-agent 29.9% $5.52 76,160
GPT-5.5 low mini-swe-agent 27% $1.20 9,443
GPT-5.6 Terra low mini-swe-agent 24.1% $0.43 8,572
Gemini 3.1 Pro high mini-swe-agent 11.7% $2.14 28,369
GPT-5.6 Luna medium mini-swe-agent 11.3% $0.22 8,180
GPT-5.6 Luna low mini-swe-agent 1.55% $0.07 3,128

6 models have held number one since its release in May 2026

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release. We draw one row each for the benchmark’s own leaderboard, Epoch AI’s runs and what labs claim in their cards.

OpenAI Anthropic Google DeepMind Z.ai Meta
Own leaderboard Not tested since Sep 2026
GPT-6 Astra 74.1%
Epoch AI runs Not tested since Sep 2026
GPT-6 Astra 74.1%
Lab claims 4 leaders

Scores over time

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

On the benchmark’s own leaderboard Run or collected by Epoch AI Reported by the lab in its model card Best so far
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2026 2027 Near the ceiling (85%) Muse Wonder Full Claude Opus 5 GPT-5.5 GPT-5.4 Claude Sonnet 4.6 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2026 2027 Near the ceiling (85%) Muse Wonder Full GPT-5.6 Sol

20 labs put it in a launch post in the last six months

Launch posts from every lab that has listed it, one tick per post. Tall colored ticks include it, and short gray ones leave it out.

Z.ai
Tencent
OpenAI
Meta
xAI
Moonshot AI
Google DeepMind
Poolside
Anthropic
DeepSeek
Qwen
Cognition
StepFun
Xiaomi Corp
Reflection
Mistral AI
Ant Group
NVIDIA
MiniMax
Inception Labs
DateLaunch postScoreAs the post writes it
24 Oct 2026 Kimi K3.1 Pro 75.5 DeepSWE v1.1 (Claude Code)
19 Oct 2026 Mercury 3 46.3 DeepSWE v1
19 Oct 2026 MiniMax-M3.1-Flash 73.7 DeepSWE v1.1
17 Oct 2026 DeepSeek V4.1 Flash 1017 77 DeepSWE v1.1
15 Oct 2026 Muse Spark Open 60 DeepSWE 1.1 Preferred harness
15 Oct 2026 Nemotron 3.5 Super VL 24.6 DeepSWE [offline]
13 Oct 2026 Ling-3.1-flash 59.7 DeepSWE (LingCode)
13 Oct 2026 Gemini 4 Argon 77.9 DeepSWE v1.1
12 Oct 2026 Muse Wonder 78.8 DeepSWE 1.1
12 Oct 2026 Muse Wonder Full 79 DeepSWE 1.1
6 Oct 2026 Mistral Large 4 61.7 Coding - DeepSWE: Artificial Analysis - DeepSWE 1.1 (chart 62; text 61.7%)
5 Oct 2026 Beam 1.0 44.4 DeepSWE v1.1
29 Sep 2026 GPT-6.1 Sol 75.2 DeepSWE v1.1 (GPT-6.1 Sol High)
22 Sep 2026 GPT-6 Luna 66.6 DeepSWE v1.1 (GPT-6 Luna max)
22 Sep 2026 MiMo-V2.6 Pro 71.9 DeepSWE v1.1
22 Sep 2026 GPT-6 Sol 68.8 DeepSWE v1.1 (GPT-6 Sol max)
21 Sep 2026 Grok 4.7 71 DeepSWE v1.1 (Software engineering) * high effort
20 Sep 2026 Step 5 Preview 67.7 DeepSWE v1.1 (SWE-agent)
18 Sep 2026 Qwen3.8-Omni-Flash 57.8 DeepSWE 1.1 (best of Claude Code and mini-SWE-agent)
10 Sep 2026 SWE-2 73 DeepSWE 1.1
10 Sep 2026 DeepSeek V4.1 Flash 74.2 DeepSWE v1.1 (Resolved)
3 Sep 2026 GPT-6 Astra 74.1 DeepSWE v1.1
2 Sep 2026 Muse Spark 1.3 75.4 DeepSWE v1.1 (Long-horizon agentic coding)
2 Sep 2026 Gemini 3.8 Flash 73.7 DeepSWE v1.1
28 Aug 2026 Tencent Hy4 preview 64.3 DeepSWE
26 Aug 2026 Qwen3.8 Flash 58.7 Agentic coding DeepSWE 1.1 (best of Claude Code and mini-SWE-agent)
26 Aug 2026 GLM-5.3-Flash 63.4 DeepSWE (v1.1)
21 Aug 2026 DeepSeek-V4-Flash-Vision-Exp 59.3 DeepSWE
14 Aug 2026 Qwen 3.8 27B 42.2 Agentic coding DeepSWE 1.1 (Claude Code)
14 Aug 2026 GLM-5.3 66.9 DeepSWE (v1.1)
13 Aug 2026 DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813 62.7 DeepSWE
13 Aug 2026 Gemini 3.7 Flash 65.3 DeepSWE v1.1
12 Aug 2026 Grok 4.6 65.9 DeepSWE v1.1
5 Aug 2026 Muse Spark 1.2 59.3 DeepSWE 1.1 (Muse Code harness)
3 Aug 2026 Qwen 3.8 Max 56.6 DeepSWE 1.1
31 Jul 2026 DeepSeek V4 Flash 0731 54.4 DeepSWE
24 Jul 2026 Claude Opus 5 68.8 Agentic coding DeepSWE v1.1
21 Jul 2026 Laguna S 2.1 40.4 DeepSWE
21 Jul 2026 Gemini 3.6 Flash 49 DeepSWE v1.1
16 Jul 2026 Kimi K3 67.5 DeepSWE (v1.1)
16 Jul 2026 Grok 4.5 62 Best of DeepSWE 1.0 (pass@1; eval by Datacurve, run with provider harnesses by AA) / DeepSWE 1.1 (mini-swe-agent harness run by Datacurve)
9 Jul 2026 GPT-5.6 Luna 67.2 DeepSWE v1.1
9 Jul 2026 GPT-5.6 Terra 69.6 DeepSWE v1.1
9 Jul 2026 Muse Spark 1.1 53.3 DeepSWE 1.1 (Long-horizon agentic coding)
9 Jul 2026 GPT-5.6 Sol 72.7 DeepSWE v1.1 (Sol, max)
2 Jul 2026 Tencent Hy3 28 DeepSWE
16 Jun 2026 GLM-5.2 46.2 DeepSWE

19 system cards report it, from 9 labs

Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.

DateDocumentScoreAs the document writes itSection
13 Oct 2026 Gemini 4 Argon model card 77.9 DeepSWE v1.1 (results table, p.5) Capabilities
12 Oct 2026 Muse Wonder model card 78.8 DeepSWE 1.1 pass@1, Datacurve third-party result, Muse Wonder (max) (capabilities table image, page 3) Capabilities
12 Oct 2026 Muse Wonder Full model card 79 DeepSWE 1.1 pass@1, Datacurve third-party result, Muse Wonder Full (max) (capabilities table image, page 3) Capabilities
28 Sep 2026 Claude Sonnet 5.5 system card 71 DeepSWE v1.1, average of five trials (8.3) Capabilities
22 Sep 2026 MiMo-V2.6 Pro technical report 71.9 DeepSWE v1.1 (Table 3) Capabilities
22 Sep 2026 Qwen3.8-Omni-Flash technical report 57.8 DeepSWE 1.1, best of Claude Code and mini-SWE-agent harnesses (Table 2) Capabilities
22 Sep 2026 Claude Opus 5.5 system card 74.2 DeepSWE v1.1, average of five trials (8.3) Capabilities
21 Sep 2026 Grok 4.7 model card 71 DeepSWE v1.1, Pass@1, high, mini-SWE-agent, run by Datacurve (2.2) Capabilities
10 Sep 2026 DeepSeek V4.1 Flash technical report 74.2 DeepSWE v1.1 (Resolved), mini-SWE harness (Table 3, Table 4). Other scaffolds 65.5 to 72.6 (Table 4) Capabilities
2 Sep 2026 Gemini 3.8 Flash model card 73.7 DeepSWE v1.1 (results table, p.5) Capabilities
1 Sep 2026 Claude Fable 5.1 system card 67.4 DeepSWE v1.1, average of 5 trials (8.3) Capabilities
13 Aug 2026 Gemini 3.7 Flash model card 65.3 DeepSWE v1.1 (results table, p.5) Capabilities
12 Aug 2026 Grok 4.6 model card 67 DeepSWE v1.1, Pass@1, xhigh, mini-swe-agent, run by Datacurve (2.4). High = 65.9% Capabilities
27 Jul 2026 Kimi K3 technical report 67.5 DeepSWE v1.1 tasks, 67.3 with mini-SWE-agent on the official leaderboard (Table 2, 6.1.3) Capabilities
24 Jul 2026 Claude Opus 5 system card 68.8 DeepSWE v1.1, average of five trials (Table 8.1.A, 8.3) Capabilities
21 Jul 2026 Gemini 3.6 Flash model card 49 DeepSWE v1.1, printed as whole percent (results table, p.4) Capabilities
14 Jul 2026 Grok 4.5 model card 62 DeepSWE v1.0, Pass@1, high, provider harnesses run by AA (2.1). DeepSWE v1.1 = 53.0% (2.2) Capabilities
9 Jul 2026 Muse Spark 1.1 system card 53.3 DeepSWE 1.1 (Figure 44) Capabilities
23 Jun 2026 Seed2.1 Pro model card 32.7 DeepSWE (Table 5) Capabilities

More in Coding

All 243 in Coding
  • SWE-bench Verified In use 500 human-validated GitHub issues from 12 Python repos. Agent writes a patch that must pass hidden tests. Claude Opus 4.7 83.5%
  • SWE-bench Multilingual In use 300 GitHub-issue tasks across nine programming languages in SWE-bench format. Patch graded by repository tests. Claude Opus 5.5 93.9%
  • LiveCodeBench v6 In use Competitive programming problems collected after model cutoffs from LeetCode, AtCoder, Codeforces. Scored pass@1 on hidden tests. DeepSeek-V4-Pro 93.5%
  • SciCode In use Scientist-curated research coding problems split into subproblems across natural sciences. Code checked against test cases. Seed2.1 Pro 59.8%
  • Codeforces rating In use Model solves recent Codeforces contest problems. An Elo-style rating is computed from simulated contest performance. DeepSeek V4.1 Flash 3,471
  • NL2Repo-Bench In use From one natural-language requirements document and an empty workspace, agent builds an installable Python library. Scored by original project's test pass rate. DeepSeek V4.1 Flash 1017 68.2%