Benchmark Almanac

Capture the Flag (High School)

OpenAI deep research 82% leads since Feb 2025 Only in system cards

Agents solve curated public high school level CTF challenges in a Linux box with security tools. Scored as pass@12.

OpenAI Preparedness set built from public CTFs.

Made by OpenAI Released Aug 2024 Capture-the-flag challenges Tasks kept private Last in a system card Jul 2025 Last model added Jul 2025
Level
School Students, from grade school to high school
Scored
Checked automatically A program checks the result against an answer key, unit tests or the expected final state.
Answers
Agent task Many steps in a terminal, browser, desktop, app, game or robot.
9
Models scored in lab cards
10
System cards report it, from 1 lab

2 models share the top score of 82% among models released by Apr 2025

Best score per model as labs report them in their own cards. Labs pick their own settings, so these compare less cleanly than independent runs.

The newest model with a score here came out in Apr 2025, and nobody has reported a newer one. Among the 20 highest-ranked models on the capability index, these have no score yet:

  1. 82.0 OpenAI deep research
  2. 82.0 o3
  3. 80.0 o4-mini
  4. 61.0 o3-mini
  5. 53.0 GPT-4.5
  6. 46.0 o1
  7. 43.0 o1-preview
  8. 28.7 o1-mini
  9. 19.0 GPT-4o
  1. 1 OpenAI deep research 82%
  2. 2 o3 82%
  3. 3 o4-mini 80%
  4. 4 o3-mini 61%
  5. 5 GPT-4.5 53%
  6. 6 o1 46%
  7. 7 o1-preview 43%
  8. 8 o1-mini 28.7%
  9. 9 GPT-4o May 2024 19%
#ModelScoreSettingDateSource
1 OpenAI deep research 82% Feb 2025 Model card
2 o3 82% Apr 2025 Model card
3 o4-mini 80% Apr 2025 Model card
4 o3-mini 61% Jan 2025 Model card
5 GPT-4.5 53% Feb 2025 Model card
6 o1 46% Dec 2024 Model card
7 o1-preview 43% Sep 2024 Model card
8 o1-mini 28.7% Sep 2024 Model card
9 GPT-4o May 2024 19% Aug 2024 Model card

5 models have held number one since its release in Aug 2024

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.

OpenAI
Lab claims Not tested since Apr 2025
OpenAI deep research 82%

Scores over time

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

Reported by the lab in its model card Best so far
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2025 Near the ceiling (85%) OpenAI deep research o3-mini o1 o1-preview GPT-4o 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2025 Near the ceiling (85%) OpenAI deep research o3-mini

Labs report it only in system cards

We read the headline results of 479 launch posts from 51 labs, and none of them list this benchmark. Some system cards do, below.

10 system cards report it, from 1 lab

Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.

DateDocumentScoreAs the document writes itSection
17 Jul 2025 ChatGPT agent system card High School CTFs refactored, pass@12, chart shows only ChatGPT Agent no-browsing helpful-only at 80%, no released-model value (Figure 5, 5.1.2.1) Cyber risk
16 Apr 2025 o4-mini system card 80 High School CTFs, pass@12, o4-mini no browsing launch candidate, printed chart label (Figure 7), text summary gives 80% Cyber risk
16 Apr 2025 o3 system card 82 High School CTFs, pass@12, o3 no browsing launch candidate, printed chart label (Figure 7), text summary gives 89% Cyber risk
27 Feb 2025 GPT-4.5 system card 53 High School CTFs, pass@12, post-mitigation (4.2) Cyber risk
25 Feb 2025 OpenAI deep research system card 82 High School CTFs, pass@12, post-mitigation without browsing, text and printed chart label (with browsing 92%) (3.4.3) Cyber risk
31 Jan 2025 o3-mini system card 61 High School CTFs, pass@12, post-mitigation (5.3) Cyber risk
5 Dec 2024 o1 system card 46 High School CTFs, pass@12, o1 (post-mitigation) (5.4) Cyber risk
12 Sep 2024 o1-preview system card 43 High School CTFs, pass@12, final o1-preview post-mitigation model (near-final checkpoint 26.7%, 0%, 2.5%) (4.2) Cyber risk
12 Sep 2024 o1-mini system card 28.7 High School CTFs, pass@12, o1-mini (post-mitigation) (4.2) Cyber risk
8 Aug 2024 GPT-4o system card 19 Capture the Flag, high-school level, 10 attempts per task (3.5) Cyber risk

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