Benchmark Almanac

AI2D

ERNIE 5.0 96.9% leads since Feb 2026 Fading

Models answer multiple choice questions about grade school science diagrams. The set has about 5,000 diagrams and 15,000 questions, scored by accuracy.

In the authors’ words

Diagrams are common tools for representing complex concepts, relationships and events, often when it would be difficult to portray the same information with natural images. Understanding natural images has been extensively studied in computer vision, while diagram understanding has received little attention. In this paper, we study the problem of diagram interpretation and reasoning, the challenging task of identifying the structure of a diagram and the semantics of its constituents and their relationships. We introduce Diagram Parse Graphs (DPG) as our representation to model the structure of diagrams. We define syntactic parsing of diagrams as learning to infer DPGs for diagrams and study semantic interpretation and reasoning of diagrams in the context of diagram question answering. We devise an LSTM-based method for syntactic parsing of diagrams and introduce a DPG-based attention model for diagram question answering. We compile a new dataset of diagrams with exhaustive annotations of constituents and relationships for over 5,000 diagrams and 15,000 questions and answers. Our results show the significance of our models for syntactic parsing and question answering in diagrams using DPGs.

Abstract of A Diagram Is Worth A Dozen Images (arXiv:1603.07396, CC0)
Made by Allen Institute for AI (AI2) Released Mar 2016 Visual math and diagrams All tasks public Last in a launch post Aug 2026 , dropped after it saturated Last model added Aug 2026
Level
School Students, from grade school to high school
Scored
Checked automatically A program checks the result against an answer key, unit tests or the expected final state.
Answers
Multiple choice
44
Models scored in lab cards
38
Launch posts list it, from 15 labs
28
System cards report it, from 12 labs

ERNIE 5.0 leads with 96.9% among models released by Aug 2026

Best score per model as labs report them in their own cards. Labs pick their own settings, so these compare less cleanly than independent runs.

The newest model with a score here came out in Aug 2026, and nobody has reported a newer one. Among the 20 highest-ranked models on the capability index, these have no score yet:

  1. 1 ERNIE 5.0 96.9%
  2. 2 Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) 95.3%
  3. 3 ERNIE-4.5-VL-28B-A3B-Thinking 95.3%
  4. 4 Claude 3.5 Sonnet 94.7%
  5. 5 Gemini 1.5 Pro May 2024 94.4%
  6. 6 Qwen 3.6 Plus 94.4%
  7. 7 GPT-4o May 2024 94.2%
  8. 8 Command A Vision 94%
  9. 9 Qwen3.5 397B-A17B 93.9%
  10. 10 Mistral Small 3.1 93.7%
  11. 11 Mistral Medium 3 93.7%
  12. 12 Qwen3.5-122B-A10B 93.3%
  13. 13 Mistral Small 3.2 92.9%
  14. 14 Qwen 3.6 35B-A3B 92.7%
  15. 15 Qwen3.5-Omni-Plus 91.2%
  16. 16 STEP3-VL-10B 89.3%
  17. 17 Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B 89.2%
  18. 18 Seed1.8 89.1%
  19. 19 EXAONE 4.5 33B 89%
  20. 20 GLM-4.6V 88.8%
  21. 21 Claude 3 Sonnet 88.7%
  22. 22 Qwen2.5-VL-72B 88.7%
  23. 23 Nemotron 3 Nano Omni 30B-A3B 88.5%
  24. 24 Claude 3 Opus 88.1%
  25. 25 GLM-4.5V 88.1%
  26. 26 GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking 87.9%
  27. 27 Keye-VL-2.0-30B-A3B 87.8%
  28. 28 Seed1.5-VL 87.3%
  29. 29 InternVL3.5-241B-A28B 87.3%
  30. 30 Nemotron Nano 12B v2 VL 87.1%
  31. 31 Claude 3 Haiku 86.7%
  32. 32 Qwen3-Omni-30B-A3B 85.2%
  33. 33 Llama-3.1-Nemotron-Nano-VL-8B-V1 85%
  34. 34 Phi-4-Reasoning-Vision-15B 84.8%
  35. 35 Gemma 3 27B 84.5%
  36. 36 Gemma 3 12B 84.2%
  37. 37 Qwen2.5-Omni-7B 83.2%
  38. 38 Phi-4-multimodal 82.3%
  39. 39 Gemini 1.5 Pro Feb 2024 80.3%
  40. 40 Gemini 1.0 Ultra 79.5%
  41. 41 GPT-4 Mar 2023 78.2%
  42. 42 Phi-3.5-vision-instruct 78.1%
  43. 43 North Micro Vision Instruct 77.5%
  44. 44 Gemma 3 4B 74.8%
#ModelScoreSettingDateSource
1 ERNIE 5.0 96.9% Feb 2026 Model card
2 Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) 95.3% Oct 2024 Model card
3 ERNIE-4.5-VL-28B-A3B-Thinking 95.3% Nov 2025 Model card
4 Claude 3.5 Sonnet 94.7% Jun 2024 Model card
5 Gemini 1.5 Pro May 2024 94.4% May 2024 Model card
6 Qwen 3.6 Plus 94.4% Apr 2026 Model card
7 GPT-4o May 2024 94.2% May 2024 Model card
8 Command A Vision 94% Jul 2025 Model card
9 Qwen3.5 397B-A17B 93.9% Feb 2026 Model card
10 Mistral Small 3.1 93.7% Mar 2025 Model card
11 Mistral Medium 3 93.7% May 2025 Model card
12 Qwen3.5-122B-A10B 93.3% Feb 2026 Model card
13 Mistral Small 3.2 92.9% Jun 2025 Model card
14 Qwen 3.6 35B-A3B 92.7% Apr 2026 Model card
15 Qwen3.5-Omni-Plus 91.2% Mar 2026 Model card
16 STEP3-VL-10B 89.3% Jan 2026 Model card
17 Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B 89.2% Sep 2025 Model card
18 Seed1.8 89.1% Dec 2025 Model card
19 EXAONE 4.5 33B 89% Apr 2026 Model card
20 GLM-4.6V 88.8% Dec 2025 Model card
21 Claude 3 Sonnet 88.7% Mar 2024 Model card
22 Qwen2.5-VL-72B 88.7% Feb 2025 Model card
23 Nemotron 3 Nano Omni 30B-A3B 88.5% Apr 2026 Model card
24 Claude 3 Opus 88.1% Mar 2024 Model card
25 GLM-4.5V 88.1% Aug 2025 Model card
26 GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking 87.9% Jul 2025 Model card
27 Keye-VL-2.0-30B-A3B 87.8% May 2026 Model card
28 Seed1.5-VL 87.3% May 2025 Model card
29 InternVL3.5-241B-A28B 87.3% Aug 2025 Model card
30 Nemotron Nano 12B v2 VL 87.1% Oct 2025 Model card
31 Claude 3 Haiku 86.7% Mar 2024 Model card
32 Qwen3-Omni-30B-A3B 85.2% Sep 2025 Model card
33 Llama-3.1-Nemotron-Nano-VL-8B-V1 85% Jun 2025 Model card
34 Phi-4-Reasoning-Vision-15B 84.8% Mar 2026 Model card
35 Gemma 3 27B 84.5% Mar 2025 Model card
36 Gemma 3 12B 84.2% Mar 2025 Model card
37 Qwen2.5-Omni-7B 83.2% Mar 2025 Model card
38 Phi-4-multimodal 82.3% Feb 2025 Model card
39 Gemini 1.5 Pro Feb 2024 80.3% Feb 2024 Model card
40 Gemini 1.0 Ultra 79.5% Dec 2023 Model card
41 GPT-4 Mar 2023 78.2% Mar 2023 Model card
42 Phi-3.5-vision-instruct 78.1% Aug 2024 Model card
43 North Micro Vision Instruct 77.5% Aug 2026 Model card
44 Gemma 3 4B 74.8% Mar 2025 Model card

9 models have held number one since 2023

Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.

OpenAI Google DeepMind Anthropic Baidu
Lab claims Passed 85% in Mar 2024, by Claude 3 Sonnet
ERNIE 5.0 96.9%

The best score passed 85% in Mar 2024

All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.

Reported by the lab in its model card Best so far
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2023 2024 2025 2026 Near the ceiling (85%) ERNIE 5.0 Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) Claude 3 Sonnet Gemini 1.5 Pro GPT-4 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2023 2024 2025 2026 Near the ceiling (85%) ERNIE 5.0 Claude 3 Sonnet

Labs headline it less often now, last in Aug 2026

Launch posts from every lab that has listed it, one tick per post. Tall colored ticks include it, and short gray ones leave it out.

OpenAI
Google DeepMind
Anthropic
Qwen
Microsoft
Mistral AI
ByteDance Seed
NVIDIA
Z.ai
Cohere
Shanghai AI Lab
Baidu
StepFun
LG AI Research
Kuaishou
DateLaunch postScoreAs the post writes it
12 Aug 2026 North Micro Vision Instruct 77.5 AI2D_TEST
25 May 2026 Keye-VL-2.0-30B-A3B 87.8 AI2D_TEST
15 Apr 2026 Qwen 3.6 35B-A3B 92.7 AI2D_TEST
9 Apr 2026 EXAONE 4.5 33B 89 AI2D
2 Apr 2026 Qwen 3.6 Plus 94.4 AI2D_TEST
30 Mar 2026 Qwen3.5-Omni-Plus 91.2 AI2D_TEST
4 Mar 2026 Phi-4-Reasoning-Vision-15B 84.8 AI2D_TEST (default mode)
24 Feb 2026 Qwen3.5-122B-A10B 93.3 AI2D_TEST
16 Feb 2026 Qwen3.5 397B-A17B 93.9 AI2D_TEST
6 Feb 2026 ERNIE 5.0 96.9 AI2D
13 Jan 2026 STEP3-VL-10B 89.3 AI2D
18 Dec 2025 Seed1.8 89.1 AI2D
8 Dec 2025 GLM-4.6V 88.8 AI2D
11 Nov 2025 ERNIE-4.5-VL-28B-A3B-Thinking 95.3 AI2D (transparent)
28 Oct 2025 Nemotron Nano 12B v2 VL 87.1 AI2D (test)
23 Sep 2025 Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B 89.2 AI2D_TEST
22 Sep 2025 Qwen3-Omni-30B-A3B 85.2 AI2D
25 Aug 2025 InternVL3.5-241B-A28B 87.3 AI2D (w/ mask)
11 Aug 2025 GLM-4.5V 88.1 AI2D
31 Jul 2025 Command A Vision 94 AI2D
1 Jul 2025 GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking 87.9 AI2D
20 Jun 2025 Mistral Small 3.2 92.9 AI2D
3 Jun 2025 Llama-3.1-Nemotron-Nano-VL-8B-V1 85 AI2D
12 May 2025 Seed1.5-VL 87.3 AI2D
7 May 2025 Mistral Medium 3 93.7 AI2D 0-shot
27 Mar 2025 Qwen2.5-Omni-7B 83.2 AI2D
17 Mar 2025 Mistral Small 3.1 93.7 AI2D
12 Mar 2025 Gemma 3 27B 84.5 AI2D (IT); PT = 79.0
26 Feb 2025 Phi-4-multimodal 82.3 AI2D
28 Jan 2025 Qwen2.5-VL-72B 88.4 AI2D_TEST
22 Oct 2024 Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) 95.3 AI2D (test)
20 Jun 2024 Claude 3.5 Sonnet 94.7 AI2D (test)
14 May 2024 Gemini 1.5 Pro 94.4 Ai2D (test), 0-shot
13 May 2024 GPT-4o 94.2 AI2D (%) (test)
4 Mar 2024 Claude 3 Opus 88.1 AI2D (test)
15 Feb 2024 Gemini 1.5 Pro 80.3 Ai2D (test), 0-shot
6 Dec 2023 Gemini 1.0 Ultra 79.5 AI2D (test)
14 Mar 2023 GPT-4 78.2 AI2 Diagram (AI2D) Accuracy (test) 0-shot

28 system cards report it, from 12 labs

Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.

DateDocumentScoreAs the document writes itSection
9 Jun 2026 Keye-VL-2.0-30B-A3B technical report 87.8 AI2D_TEST (Figure 5, printed value) Capabilities
27 Apr 2026 Nemotron 3 Nano Omni 30B-A3B technical report 88.5 AI2D (Test), 88.5 with reasoning on and off (Table 7) Capabilities
17 Apr 2026 Qwen3.5-Omni-Plus technical report 91.2 AI2D_TEST (Table 6) Capabilities
9 Apr 2026 EXAONE 4.5 33B technical report 89 AI2D (Table 2, Reasoning mode) Capabilities
21 Mar 2026 Seed1.8 model card 89.1 AI2D (Table 2) Capabilities
4 Mar 2026 Phi-4-Reasoning-Vision-15B technical report 84.8 AI2D TEST, default mode, 84.7 force nothink, 79.7 force thinking (Tables 5 and 6) Capabilities
4 Feb 2026 ERNIE 5.0 technical report 96.9 AI2D (Table 3) Capabilities
14 Jan 2026 STEP3-VL-10B technical report 89.3 AI2D, SeRe (Table 1) Capabilities
1 Jan 2026 GLM-4.6V technical report 88.8 AI2D, GLM-4.6V thinking (Table 2) Capabilities
26 Nov 2025 Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B technical report 89.2 AI2D w. M. (Table 2) Capabilities
6 Nov 2025 Nemotron Nano 12B v2 VL technical report 84.7 AI2D (Test), reasoning on (Table 3). Reasoning off 87.2 Capabilities
22 Sep 2025 Qwen3-Omni-30B-A3B technical report 85.2 AI2D w.M., Instruct (Table 9). Thinking 86.1 (Table 10) Capabilities
25 Aug 2025 InternVL3.5-241B-A28B technical report 87.3 AI2D (w/ mask) (Table 2). Without mask 95.0 (Table 4) Capabilities
13 Aug 2025 GLM-4.5V technical report 88.1 AI2D, GLM-4.5V thinking (Table 2) Capabilities
1 Jul 2025 GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking technical report 87.9 AI2D, GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking thinking (Table 2) Capabilities
11 May 2025 Seed1.5-VL technical report 87.3 AI2D, thinking (Table 6). Non-thinking 88.5 Capabilities
26 Mar 2025 Qwen2.5-Omni-7B technical report 83.2 AI2D (Table 5) Capabilities
25 Mar 2025 Gemma 3 4B technical report 74.8 AI2D, IT, P&S applied (Table 16) Capabilities
25 Mar 2025 Gemma 3 27B technical report 84.5 AI2D, IT, P&S applied (Table 16) Capabilities
25 Mar 2025 Gemma 3 12B technical report 84.2 AI2D, IT, P&S applied (Table 16) Capabilities
3 Mar 2025 Phi-4-multimodal technical report 82.3 AI2D (test) (Table 1). Speech-prompt ShareGPT4o AI2D 68.9 (Table 2) Capabilities
19 Feb 2025 Qwen2.5-VL-72B technical report 88.7 AI2D w. M. (Table 5) Capabilities
22 Oct 2024 Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) model card 95.3 AI2D (test), 0-shot (Table 5) Capabilities
30 Aug 2024 Phi-3.5-vision-instruct technical report 78.1 AI2D (test) (Table 5) Capabilities
20 Jun 2024 Claude 3.5 Sonnet model card 94.7 AI2D (test), 0-shot (Table 2) Capabilities
4 Mar 2024 Claude 3 Sonnet model card 88.7 AI2D (test), 0-shot. The text of 5.3 gives 89.2 (Table 3) Capabilities
4 Mar 2024 Claude 3 Opus model card 88.1 AI2D (test), 0-shot. The text of 5.3 gives 88.3 (Table 3) Capabilities
4 Mar 2024 Claude 3 Haiku model card 86.7 AI2D (test), 0-shot. The text of 5.3 gives 80.6 (Table 3) Capabilities

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  • DocVQA In use Models answer 50,000 questions about 12,000 scanned document images by reading their text and layout. Scoring is ANLS, a string similarity to reference answers. Seed1.5-VL 96.9%