AI2D
Models answer multiple choice questions about grade school science diagrams. The set has about 5,000 diagrams and 15,000 questions, scored by accuracy.
In the authors’ words
Diagrams are common tools for representing complex concepts, relationships and events, often when it would be difficult to portray the same information with natural images. Understanding natural images has been extensively studied in computer vision, while diagram understanding has received little attention. In this paper, we study the problem of diagram interpretation and reasoning, the challenging task of identifying the structure of a diagram and the semantics of its constituents and their relationships. We introduce Diagram Parse Graphs (DPG) as our representation to model the structure of diagrams. We define syntactic parsing of diagrams as learning to infer DPGs for diagrams and study semantic interpretation and reasoning of diagrams in the context of diagram question answering. We devise an LSTM-based method for syntactic parsing of diagrams and introduce a DPG-based attention model for diagram question answering. We compile a new dataset of diagrams with exhaustive annotations of constituents and relationships for over 5,000 diagrams and 15,000 questions and answers. Our results show the significance of our models for syntactic parsing and question answering in diagrams using DPGs.
- Level
- School Students, from grade school to high school
- Scored
- Checked automatically A program checks the result against an answer key, unit tests or the expected final state.
- Answers
- Multiple choice
ERNIE 5.0 leads with 96.9% among models released by Aug 2026
Best score per model as labs report them in their own cards. Labs pick their own settings, so these compare less cleanly than independent runs.
The newest model with a score here came out in Aug 2026, and nobody has reported a newer one. Among the 20 highest-ranked models on the capability index, these have no score yet:
- GPT-6 Astra
- Claude Opus 5.5
- GPT-6.1 Terra
- GPT-6.1 Sol
- and 16 more
- 96.9
ERNIE 5.0
- 95.3 Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024)
- 95.3
ERNIE-4.5-VL-28B-A3B-Thinking
- 94.7 Claude 3.5 Sonnet
- 94.4
Gemini 1.5 Pro
- 94.4
Qwen 3.6 Plus
- 94.2 GPT-4o
- 94.0
Command A Vision
- 93.9
Qwen3.5 397B-A17B
- 93.7
Mistral Small 3.1
- 93.7
Mistral Medium 3
- 93.3
Qwen3.5-122B-A10B
- 92.9
Mistral Small 3.2
- 92.7
Qwen 3.6 35B-A3B
- 91.2
Qwen3.5-Omni-Plus
- 89.3
STEP3-VL-10B
- 89.2
Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B
- 89.1
Seed1.8
- 89.0
EXAONE 4.5 33B
- 88.8 GLM-4.6V
- 88.7 Claude 3 Sonnet
- 88.7
Qwen2.5-VL-72B
- 88.5
Nemotron 3 Nano Omni 30B-A3B
- 88.1 Claude 3 Opus
- 88.1 GLM-4.5V
- 87.9 GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking
- 87.8
Keye-VL-2.0-30B-A3B
- 87.3
Seed1.5-VL
- 87.3
InternVL3.5-241B-A28B
- 87.1
Nemotron Nano 12B v2 VL
- 86.7 Claude 3 Haiku
- 85.2
Qwen3-Omni-30B-A3B
- 85.0
Llama-3.1-Nemotron-Nano-VL-8B-V1
- 84.8
Phi-4-Reasoning-Vision-15B
- 84.5
Gemma 3 27B
- 84.2
Gemma 3 12B
- 83.2
Qwen2.5-Omni-7B
- 82.3
Phi-4-multimodal
- 80.3
Gemini 1.5 Pro
- 79.5
Gemini 1.0 Ultra
- 78.2 GPT-4
- 78.1 Phi-3.5-vision-instruct
- 77.5
North Micro Vision Instruct
- 74.8
Gemma 3 4B
- 1
ERNIE 5.0 96.9%
- 2 Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) 95.3%
- 3
ERNIE-4.5-VL-28B-A3B-Thinking 95.3%
- 4 Claude 3.5 Sonnet 94.7%
- 5
Gemini 1.5 Pro May 2024 94.4%
- 6
Qwen 3.6 Plus 94.4%
- 7 GPT-4o May 2024 94.2%
- 8
Command A Vision 94%
- 9
Qwen3.5 397B-A17B 93.9%
- 10
Mistral Small 3.1 93.7%
- 11
Mistral Medium 3 93.7%
- 12
Qwen3.5-122B-A10B 93.3%
- 13
Mistral Small 3.2 92.9%
- 14
Qwen 3.6 35B-A3B 92.7%
- 15
Qwen3.5-Omni-Plus 91.2%
- 16
STEP3-VL-10B 89.3%
- 17
Qwen3-VL-235B-A22B 89.2%
- 18
Seed1.8 89.1%
- 19
EXAONE 4.5 33B 89%
- 20 GLM-4.6V 88.8%
- 21 Claude 3 Sonnet 88.7%
- 22
Qwen2.5-VL-72B 88.7%
- 23
Nemotron 3 Nano Omni 30B-A3B 88.5%
- 24 Claude 3 Opus 88.1%
- 25 GLM-4.5V 88.1%
- 26 GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking 87.9%
- 27
Keye-VL-2.0-30B-A3B 87.8%
- 28
Seed1.5-VL 87.3%
- 29
InternVL3.5-241B-A28B 87.3%
- 30
Nemotron Nano 12B v2 VL 87.1%
- 31 Claude 3 Haiku 86.7%
- 32
Qwen3-Omni-30B-A3B 85.2%
- 33
Llama-3.1-Nemotron-Nano-VL-8B-V1 85%
- 34
Phi-4-Reasoning-Vision-15B 84.8%
- 35
Gemma 3 27B 84.5%
- 36
Gemma 3 12B 84.2%
- 37
Qwen2.5-Omni-7B 83.2%
- 38
Phi-4-multimodal 82.3%
- 39
Gemini 1.5 Pro Feb 2024 80.3%
- 40
Gemini 1.0 Ultra 79.5%
- 41 GPT-4 Mar 2023 78.2%
- 42 Phi-3.5-vision-instruct 78.1%
- 43
North Micro Vision Instruct 77.5%
- 44
Gemma 3 4B 74.8%
| # | Model | Score | Setting | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | | 96.9% | Feb 2026 | Model card | |
| 2 | Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) | 95.3% | Oct 2024 | Model card | |
| 3 | | 95.3% | Nov 2025 | Model card | |
| 4 | Claude 3.5 Sonnet | 94.7% | Jun 2024 | Model card | |
| 5 | | 94.4% | May 2024 | Model card | |
| 6 | | 94.4% | Apr 2026 | Model card | |
| 7 | GPT-4o May 2024 | 94.2% | May 2024 | Model card | |
| 8 | | 94% | Jul 2025 | Model card | |
| 9 | | 93.9% | Feb 2026 | Model card | |
| 10 | | 93.7% | Mar 2025 | Model card | |
| 11 | | 93.7% | May 2025 | Model card | |
| 12 | | 93.3% | Feb 2026 | Model card | |
| 13 | | 92.9% | Jun 2025 | Model card | |
| 14 | | 92.7% | Apr 2026 | Model card | |
| 15 | | 91.2% | Mar 2026 | Model card | |
| 16 | | 89.3% | Jan 2026 | Model card | |
| 17 | | 89.2% | Sep 2025 | Model card | |
| 18 | | 89.1% | Dec 2025 | Model card | |
| 19 | | 89% | Apr 2026 | Model card | |
| 20 | GLM-4.6V | 88.8% | Dec 2025 | Model card | |
| 21 | Claude 3 Sonnet | 88.7% | Mar 2024 | Model card | |
| 22 | | 88.7% | Feb 2025 | Model card | |
| 23 | | 88.5% | Apr 2026 | Model card | |
| 24 | Claude 3 Opus | 88.1% | Mar 2024 | Model card | |
| 25 | GLM-4.5V | 88.1% | Aug 2025 | Model card | |
| 26 | GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking | 87.9% | Jul 2025 | Model card | |
| 27 | | 87.8% | May 2026 | Model card | |
| 28 | | 87.3% | May 2025 | Model card | |
| 29 | | 87.3% | Aug 2025 | Model card | |
| 30 | | 87.1% | Oct 2025 | Model card | |
| 31 | Claude 3 Haiku | 86.7% | Mar 2024 | Model card | |
| 32 | | 85.2% | Sep 2025 | Model card | |
| 33 | | 85% | Jun 2025 | Model card | |
| 34 | | 84.8% | Mar 2026 | Model card | |
| 35 | | 84.5% | Mar 2025 | Model card | |
| 36 | | 84.2% | Mar 2025 | Model card | |
| 37 | | 83.2% | Mar 2025 | Model card | |
| 38 | | 82.3% | Feb 2025 | Model card | |
| 39 | | 80.3% | Feb 2024 | Model card | |
| 40 | | 79.5% | Dec 2023 | Model card | |
| 41 | GPT-4 Mar 2023 | 78.2% | Mar 2023 | Model card | |
| 42 | Phi-3.5-vision-instruct | 78.1% | Aug 2024 | Model card | |
| 43 | | 77.5% | Aug 2026 | Model card | |
| 44 | | 74.8% | Mar 2025 | Model card |
9 models have held number one since 2023
Lab claims count from the day the card came out, independent runs from the model’s release.
The best score passed 85% in Mar 2024
All the scores we have, one dot each, so a model tested at several settings appears more than once.
Labs headline it less often now, last in Aug 2026
Launch posts from every lab that has listed it, one tick per post. Tall colored ticks include it, and short gray ones leave it out.
| Date | Launch post | Score | As the post writes it |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12 Aug 2026 | 77.5 | AI2D_TEST | |
| 25 May 2026 | 87.8 | AI2D_TEST | |
| 15 Apr 2026 | 92.7 | AI2D_TEST | |
| 9 Apr 2026 | 89 | AI2D | |
| 2 Apr 2026 | 94.4 | AI2D_TEST | |
| 30 Mar 2026 | 91.2 | AI2D_TEST | |
| 4 Mar 2026 | 84.8 | AI2D_TEST (default mode) | |
| 24 Feb 2026 | 93.3 | AI2D_TEST | |
| 16 Feb 2026 | 93.9 | AI2D_TEST | |
| 6 Feb 2026 | 96.9 | AI2D | |
| 13 Jan 2026 | 89.3 | AI2D | |
| 18 Dec 2025 | 89.1 | AI2D | |
| 8 Dec 2025 | GLM-4.6V | 88.8 | AI2D |
| 11 Nov 2025 | 95.3 | AI2D (transparent) | |
| 28 Oct 2025 | 87.1 | AI2D (test) | |
| 23 Sep 2025 | 89.2 | AI2D_TEST | |
| 22 Sep 2025 | 85.2 | AI2D | |
| 25 Aug 2025 | 87.3 | AI2D (w/ mask) | |
| 11 Aug 2025 | GLM-4.5V | 88.1 | AI2D |
| 31 Jul 2025 | 94 | AI2D | |
| 1 Jul 2025 | GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking | 87.9 | AI2D |
| 20 Jun 2025 | 92.9 | AI2D | |
| 3 Jun 2025 | 85 | AI2D | |
| 12 May 2025 | 87.3 | AI2D | |
| 7 May 2025 | 93.7 | AI2D 0-shot | |
| 27 Mar 2025 | 83.2 | AI2D | |
| 17 Mar 2025 | 93.7 | AI2D | |
| 12 Mar 2025 | 84.5 | AI2D (IT); PT = 79.0 | |
| 26 Feb 2025 | 82.3 | AI2D | |
| 28 Jan 2025 | 88.4 | AI2D_TEST | |
| 22 Oct 2024 | Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) | 95.3 | AI2D (test) |
| 20 Jun 2024 | Claude 3.5 Sonnet | 94.7 | AI2D (test) |
| 14 May 2024 | 94.4 | Ai2D (test), 0-shot | |
| 13 May 2024 | GPT-4o | 94.2 | AI2D (%) (test) |
| 4 Mar 2024 | Claude 3 Opus | 88.1 | AI2D (test) |
| 15 Feb 2024 | 80.3 | Ai2D (test), 0-shot | |
| 6 Dec 2023 | 79.5 | AI2D (test) | |
| 14 Mar 2023 | GPT-4 | 78.2 | AI2 Diagram (AI2D) Accuracy (test) 0-shot |
28 system cards report it, from 12 labs
Besides launch posts, we read the system cards, model cards and technical reports labs publish with a release. They report far more, including safety and frontier-risk tests.
| Date | Document | Score | As the document writes it | Section |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 Jun 2026 | | 87.8 | AI2D_TEST (Figure 5, printed value) | Capabilities |
| 27 Apr 2026 | | 88.5 | AI2D (Test), 88.5 with reasoning on and off (Table 7) | Capabilities |
| 17 Apr 2026 | | 91.2 | AI2D_TEST (Table 6) | Capabilities |
| 9 Apr 2026 | | 89 | AI2D (Table 2, Reasoning mode) | Capabilities |
| 21 Mar 2026 | | 89.1 | AI2D (Table 2) | Capabilities |
| 4 Mar 2026 | | 84.8 | AI2D TEST, default mode, 84.7 force nothink, 79.7 force thinking (Tables 5 and 6) | Capabilities |
| 4 Feb 2026 | | 96.9 | AI2D (Table 3) | Capabilities |
| 14 Jan 2026 | | 89.3 | AI2D, SeRe (Table 1) | Capabilities |
| 1 Jan 2026 | GLM-4.6V technical report | 88.8 | AI2D, GLM-4.6V thinking (Table 2) | Capabilities |
| 26 Nov 2025 | | 89.2 | AI2D w. M. (Table 2) | Capabilities |
| 6 Nov 2025 | | 84.7 | AI2D (Test), reasoning on (Table 3). Reasoning off 87.2 | Capabilities |
| 22 Sep 2025 | | 85.2 | AI2D w.M., Instruct (Table 9). Thinking 86.1 (Table 10) | Capabilities |
| 25 Aug 2025 | | 87.3 | AI2D (w/ mask) (Table 2). Without mask 95.0 (Table 4) | Capabilities |
| 13 Aug 2025 | GLM-4.5V technical report | 88.1 | AI2D, GLM-4.5V thinking (Table 2) | Capabilities |
| 1 Jul 2025 | GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking technical report | 87.9 | AI2D, GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking thinking (Table 2) | Capabilities |
| 11 May 2025 | | 87.3 | AI2D, thinking (Table 6). Non-thinking 88.5 | Capabilities |
| 26 Mar 2025 | | 83.2 | AI2D (Table 5) | Capabilities |
| 25 Mar 2025 | | 74.8 | AI2D, IT, P&S applied (Table 16) | Capabilities |
| 25 Mar 2025 | | 84.5 | AI2D, IT, P&S applied (Table 16) | Capabilities |
| 25 Mar 2025 | | 84.2 | AI2D, IT, P&S applied (Table 16) | Capabilities |
| 3 Mar 2025 | | 82.3 | AI2D (test) (Table 1). Speech-prompt ShareGPT4o AI2D 68.9 (Table 2) | Capabilities |
| 19 Feb 2025 | | 88.7 | AI2D w. M. (Table 5) | Capabilities |
| 22 Oct 2024 | Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) model card | 95.3 | AI2D (test), 0-shot (Table 5) | Capabilities |
| 30 Aug 2024 | | 78.1 | AI2D (test) (Table 5) | Capabilities |
| 20 Jun 2024 | Claude 3.5 Sonnet model card | 94.7 | AI2D (test), 0-shot (Table 2) | Capabilities |
| 4 Mar 2024 | Claude 3 Sonnet model card | 88.7 | AI2D (test), 0-shot. The text of 5.3 gives 89.2 (Table 3) | Capabilities |
| 4 Mar 2024 | Claude 3 Opus model card | 88.1 | AI2D (test), 0-shot. The text of 5.3 gives 88.3 (Table 3) | Capabilities |
| 4 Mar 2024 | Claude 3 Haiku model card | 86.7 | AI2D (test), 0-shot. The text of 5.3 gives 80.6 (Table 3) | Capabilities |
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